Halogenated cyclic diesters, related polymers, and methods for their preparation and use

ABSTRACT

Halogenated cyclic diesters, halogenated polymers derived from the cyclic diesters, and methods for making the halogenated cyclic diesters and related halogenated polymers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US16/18529, filed Feb. 18, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. patent No. 62/259,514, filed Nov. 24, 2015, and U.S. patent No. 62/117,900, filed Feb. 18, 2015, each expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polymers derived from lactic acid and glycolic acid have been extensively used for various biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The ability to modify the physiochemical properties, such as degradability, hydrophobicity, and hydrophilicity, of these polymers is a key to expand the spectrum of their uses. Conventional approaches usually involve copolymerization and block copolymer preparations. In contrast, the use of lactic acid and glycolic acid derivatives as monomers for preparing polylactides and polyglycolides is less well known.

Despites advances in the preparation of polylactides and polyglycolides, a need exists for the simple and versatile preparation of polylactides and polyglycolides having improved properties. The present invention seeks to fulfill these needs and provide further related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides halogenated cyclic diesters, halogenated polymers derived from the cyclic diesters, and methods for making the halogenated cyclic esters and related halogenated polymers. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides fluorinated cyclic diesters, fluorinated polymers derived from these cyclic diesters, and methods for making the fluorinated cyclic diesters and related fluorinated polymers.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a cyclic diester having formula (I)

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro, chloro, or halocarbon.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a cyclic diester having formula (I)

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro or fluorocarbon.

In certain embodiments, the fluorocarbon is a C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group. In other embodiments, the fluorocarbon is a C1-C12 fluoroalkyl group. In further embodiments, the fluorocarbon is a C1-C6 fluoroalkyl group.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a cyclic diester having formula (II)

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least on of R¹ or R³ is fluorocarbon.

In another aspect, the invention provides polymers prepared from the cyclic diesters of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a halogenated polymer, comprising a repeating unit having formula (III)

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro, chloro, or halocarbon.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a fluorinated polymer, comprising a repeating unit having formula (III)

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro or fluorocarbon.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a halogenated polylactic acid, comprising a repeating unit having formula (IV)

wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R³ is halocarbon.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a fluorinated polylactic acid, comprising a repeating unit having formula (IV)

wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R³ is fluorocarbon.

In certain embodiments, the polymer of the invention further comprises one or more repeating units derived from comonomers suitable for polymerization with a halogenated cyclic diester.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a polymer having formula (V)

wherein *represents the terminal groups of the polymer, and n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a polylactic acid having formula (VI)

wherein *represents the terminal groups of the polymer, and n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a polymer having formula (VII)

wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or methyl, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and m is an integer from about 10 to about 1000.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a polylactic acid having formula (VIII)

wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or methyl, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and m is an integer from about 10 to about 1000.

In certain embodiments, the polymers of the invention are random copolymers. In other embodiments, the polymers of the invention are block copolymers.

In a further aspect of the invention, surfaces coated with a polymer of the invention are provided. In one embodiment, the invention provides a surface of a substrate, wherein at least a portion of the surface is coated with a polymer of the invention. Suitable substrates include drug delivery devices, devices having a degradation-inhibiting coating, devices having a hydrophobic surface with high contact angle, and devices that contact blood. In certain embodiments, the substrate is a medical device, such as a cardiovascular stent.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for making halogenated polymers. In one embodiment, the method comprises:

subjecting a polymer with an ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino groups; reacting the polymer functionalized with amino groups with a suitably reactive reagent comprising a halocarbon, wherein at least a portion of the amino groups react with the reagent to provide a polymer having at least of portion of the amino groups converted to amine groups covalently coupled to the halocarbon.

In another embodiment, the method comprises:

subjecting a polymer with an ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino groups; reacting the polymer functionalized with amino groups with a suitably reactive reagent comprising a fluorocarbon (e.g., fluoroalkyl group), wherein at least a portion of the amino groups react with the reagent to provide a polymer having at least of portion of the amino groups converted to amine groups covalently coupled to the fluorocarbon.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of cyclic diesters of the invention from alpha-hydroxy acids and reactive alpha-bromo alkanoyl bromide compounds.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of cyclic diesters of the invention starting from the alpha-hydroxy acid: CF₃CH(OH)—C(═O)OH.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of cyclic diesters of the invention starting from the alpha-hydroxy acid: CF₂(OH)—C(═O)OH.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of cyclic diesters of the invention starting from the alpha-hydroxy acid: (CF₃)₂C(OH)—C(═O)OH.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of cyclic diesters of the invention starting from the alpha-hydroxy acid: CF₃C(Ph)(OH)—C(═O)OH.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of fluorinated polymers of the invention from cyclic diesters.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of representative preparations of fluorinated polymers of the invention from cyclic diesters prepared from a representative alpha-hydroxy acid: CF₃CH(OH)—C(═O)OH.

FIG. 8 is a ¹H NMR spectrum of trifluoromethyl-substituted lactic acid monomers in acetonitrile-d₃.

FIG. 9 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of trifluoromethyl-substituted lactic acid monomers in acetonitrile-d₃.

FIG. 10 is a ¹⁹F NMR spectrum of trifluoromethyl-substituted lactic acid monomers in acetonitrile-d₃.

FIG. 11 is a ¹H NMR spectrum of the trifluoromethyl-substituted polylactide in CDCl₃.

FIG. 12 is a ¹⁹F NMR spectrum of trifluoromethyl-substituted polylactide in CDCl₃.

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of the preparation of fluorinated polymers of the invention prepared from reaction of suitably reactive fluoroalkyl reagents with amino-containing polymers prepared by treatment of suitable polymers with ammonia plasma.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Fluorinated polymers demonstrate excellent inertness in various biological environments and good blood compatibility, and have been used in various biomedical applications, such as prosthetics and drug delivery.

In one aspect, the present invention provides halogenated polymers and methods for their preparation. In the halogenated polymers of the invention, the structure of polymer backbone remains unchanged and this in turn results in retention of their hydrolysis characteristics. However, due to the introduction of halogens (i.e., fluorine or chlorine) into these polymers the halogenated (e.g., fluorinated and or chlorinated) polymers of the invention hydrolyze at a divers rate due to their increased hydrophobicity associated with the replacement of hydrogen in the parent polymers with a halogen (e.g., fluorine or chlorine), thereby expanding their performance in biological environments.

As used herein, the term “halogenated” or “halogen” refers to a cyclic diester or polymer that includes one or more chlorine and/or fluorine atoms.

The present invention provides halogenated cyclic diester, halogenated polymers derived from the cyclic diesters, and methods for making the halogenated cyclic esters and related halogenated polymers. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides fluorinated cyclic diesters, fluorinated polymers derived from the cyclic diesters, and methods for making the fluorinated cyclic diesters and related fluorinated polymers.

Cyclic Diesters

In one aspect, the invention provides halogenated cyclic diesters (i.e., cyclic diesters that include one or more halogen substituents also referred to herein as halogen-containing cyclic diesters). The cyclic diesters of the invention can be prepared from alpha-hydroxy acids. See FIGS. 1-5 and 7. The cyclic diesters of the invention can be polymerized to provide polyesters that include fluorine and/or chlorine substituents. See FIGS. 6 and 7. The cyclic diesters of the invention are 6-membered ring compounds. In certain embodiments, the cyclic diester is a lactide or a lactide derivative. In other embodiments, the cyclic diester is a glycolide or a glycolide derivative. The cyclic diesters of the invention have the general structure shown in FIG. 1 where R¹-R⁴ are as described below. FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of cyclic diesters of the invention from alpha-hydroxy acids and reactive alpha-bromo alkanoyl bromide compounds.

In one embodiment, the cyclic diester of the invention has formula (I)

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro, chloro, or halocarbon.

As used herein, the term “halocarbon” refers to a substituent group that includes one or more carbons (e.g., C1-C24, C1-C12, or C1-C6) and one or more chlorine or fluorine atoms. The terms “halocarbon” and “halocarbon group” are used interchangeably. Suitable halocarbon groups include one or more chlorine atoms (chloro substituents), one or more fluorine atoms (fluoro substituents), or one or more chlorine atoms and one or more fluorine atoms (chloro and fluoro substituents). Representative halocarbon groups include —CH₂Cl, —CH₂F, and —CH(Cl)F groups, among others.

In another embodiment, the cyclic diester of the invention has formula (I)

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro or fluorocarbon.

As used herein, the term “fluoroocarbon” refers to a substituent group that includes one or more carbons (e.g., C1-C24, C1-C12, or C1-C6) and one or more fluorine atoms. The terms “fluorocarbon” and “fluorocarbon group” are used interchangeably. Suitable fluorocarbon groups include one or more fluorine atoms (fluoro substituents). Representative fluoroocarbon groups include —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃ groups, among others. In certain embodiments, the fluorocarbon group is a C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group. In certain embodiments, C1-C24 alkyl is C1-C12 alkyl. In certain embodiments, C1-C24 alkyl is C1-C6 alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include straight chain (e.g., n-propyl), branched (e.g., isopropyl), and cyclo (e.g., C3-C7 cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl) groups. In certain embodiments, C1-C24 (or C1-C12 or C1-C6) alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl. In certain embodiments, C1-C24 (or C1-C12 or C1-C6) alkyl is methyl.

The alkyl and aryl groups of the cyclic diester may be substituted or unsubstituted. As used herein, the term “substituted C1-C24 alkyl” refers to a C1-C24 alkyl group in which one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced with a non-hydrogen atom. The term “substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group (e.g., phenyl group) in which one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced with a non-hydrogen atom. Representative non-hydrogen atoms include heteroatoms such oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon atoms, as well as substituents that include these atoms (e.g., hydroxy, alkoxyl, amino, alkylamino, thiol, thioether).

In certain embodiments, the cyclic diesters of the invention include either a fluorine substituent or a fluoroalkyl substituent. As used herein the term “fluoroalkyl” or “fluoroalkyl group” refers to an alkyl group (i.e., a saturated hydrocarbon group) in which one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced with a fluorine atom (F). As used herein, the terms “fluoro” and “fluorine” are used interchangeably and refer to the substituent F. Representative fluoroalkyl groups include —CF₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CH₂F, among others.

In certain embodiments, C1-C24 fluoroalkyl is C1-C12 fluoroalkyl. In certain embodiments, C1-C24 fluoroalkyl is C1-C6 fluoroalkyl.

Representative fluoroalkyl groups include straight chain (e.g., n-propyl), branched (e.g., isopropyl), and cyclo (e.g., C3-C7 cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl) groups. In certain embodiments, C1-C24 (or C1-C12 or C1-C6) fluoroalkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced with a fluorine atom. In certain embodiments, the fluoroalkyl is perfluoroalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, n-perfluoropropyl, n-perfluorobutyl, and n-perfluoropentyl). In certain embodiments, C1-C24 (or C1-C12 or C1-C6) alkyl is methyl (i.e., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, and fluoromethyl).

In certain embodiments, the fluoroalkyl group(s) of the cyclic diester has a ratio of F:C from about 0.4 to about 3.0. In certain embodiments, the fluoroalkyl group(s) of the cyclic diester has a ratio of F:C of about 0.5. In other embodiments, the fluoroalkyl group(s) of the cyclic diester has a ratio of F:C of about 1.0. In further embodiments, the fluoroalkyl group(s) of the cyclic diester has a ratio of F:C of about 2.0.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ and R³ are hydrogen and R² and R⁴ are trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ and R³ are hydrogen, R² is methyl, and R⁴ is trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ and R² are hydrogen and R³ and R⁴ are trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹, R², and R³ are hydrogen and R⁴ is trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ and R² are hydrogen and R³ and R⁴ are fluoro.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ is hydrogen, R² is methyl, and R³ and R⁴ are fluoro.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are fluoro.

In another embodiment, the cyclic diester of formula (I) is a lactide having formula (II)

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that R¹ and R³ at least one of R¹ and R³ is fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl). In this embodiment, R¹ and R³ are as described above for formula (I).

In one embodiment of the lactide of formula (II), R¹ is methyl and R³ is trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of the lactide of formula (II), R¹ is hydrogen and R³ is trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment of the lactide of formula (II), R¹ and R³ are trifluoromethyl.

Representative cyclic diesters of the invention have the structures shown in FIGS. 2-5. FIG. 2 is an illustration of the preparation a representative cyclic diester starting from CF₃CH(OH)—C(═O)OH. FIG. 3 is an illustration of the preparation a representative cyclic diester starting from CF₂(OH)—C(═O)OH. FIG. 4 is an illustration of the preparation a representative cyclic diester starting from (CF₃)₂C(OH)—C(═O)OH. FIG. 5 is an illustration of the preparation a representative cyclic diester starting from CF₃C(Ph)(OH)—C(═O)OH.

Polymers

In another aspect, the invention provides halogenated polymers. As used herein the terms “halogenated polymer” refers to a polymer that includes one or more chlorine and/or one or more fluorine atoms, and particularly to a polymer that includes repeating units derived from monomers that include one or more halogen atoms (e.g., fluorine and/or chlorine atoms) or halogen-containing substituents (i.e., halocarbon groups, such as chlorocarbon, fluorocarbon, or chloro/fluorocarbon groups). In certain embodiments, the polymers of the invention are prepared from the halogenated cyclic diesters of the invention. In certain embodiments, the halogenated polymers are prepared by ring opening polymerization. In other embodiments, the halogenated polymers are prepared by condensation polymerization.

In one embodiment, the invention provides fluorinated polymers. As used herein the terms “fluorinated polymer” refers to a polymer that includes fluorine atoms, and particularly to a polymer that includes repeating units derived from monomers that include one or more fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing substituents (e.g., fluorocarbon groups, such as fluoroalkyl groups). In one embodiment, the fluorinated polymers of the invention are prepared from the fluorinated cyclic diesters of the invention. In certain embodiments, the fluorinated polymers are prepared by ring opening polymerization. In other embodiments, the fluorinated polymers are prepared by condensation polymerization.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a representative preparation of fluorinated polymers of the invention from cyclic diesters. FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of representative preparations of fluorinated polymers of the invention from cyclic diesters prepared from a representative alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid: CF₃CH(OH)—C(═O)OH.

In certain embodiments, the halogenated polymer includes a repeating unit having formula (III)

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro, chloro, or halocarbon.

In other embodiments, the fluorinated polymer includes a repeating unit having formula (III)

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro or fluorocarbon.

In certain embodiments, the halogenated polymer is a polylactic acid that includes a repeating unit having formula (IV)

wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R³ is halocarbon.

In other embodiments, the fluorinated polymer is a fluorinated polylactic acid that includes a repeating unit having formula (IV)

wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹ and R³ is fluorocarbon. R¹ and R³ are as described above for the cyclic diesters.

In certain embodiments, the invention includes the polymers of formulae (III) and (IV) that further include one or more repeating units derived from comonomers suitable for polymerization with a halogenated (e.g., fluorinated) cyclic diester (e.g., ring opening polymerization or condensation polymerization). Suitable comonomers include cyclic diesters, such as lactides and lactide derivatives (e.g., non-halogenated lactides and non-halogenated lactide derivatives) and glycolides and glycolide derivatives (e.g., non-halogenated glycolides and non-halogenated glycolide derivatives), and other suitable polymerizable esters.

In certain embodiments, the halogenated (e.g., fluorinated) polymer has formula (V)

wherein *represents the terminal groups of the polymer, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described above for the cyclic diesters.

The terminal groups of the polymer depend on the nature of the polymerization reaction used to form the polymer. For ring opening polymerizations, the terminal groups are derived from the initiator used in the polymerization. Suitable initiators useful in polymerizing cyclic diesters are known and include water and alcohols. When the initiator is water, one terminal group is —OH and the other is —H. When the initiator is an alcohol (ROH), one terminal group is —OR and the other is —H. Representative alcohols useful as initiators include methanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-butanol, 4-phenyl-2-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 1-eicosanol, 1-docosanol, 1-pyrene butanol, and benzyl alcohol. In certain embodiments, the R group of the alcohol includes a functional group that allows for further functionalization of the product polymer.

In certain embodiments, the halogenated (e.g., fluorinated) polymer has formula (VI)

wherein *represents the terminal groups of the polymer as defined above, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and R¹ and R³ are as described above for the cyclic diesters.

As noted above, in certain embodiments, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000. In other embodiments, n is an integer from about 100 to about 10,000. In further embodiments, n is an integer from about 50 to about 500. In other embodiments, n is an integer from about 50 to about 2000.

In certain embodiments, the halogenated (e.g., fluorinated) polymer has formula (VII)

wherein R¹ is hydrogen or methyl, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, m is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described above for the cyclic diesters.

For the polymers of the invention, the ratio of n:m can vary depending on the desired degree of hydrophobicity and degradability (hydrolysis). In certain embodiments, n:m is about 1:100. In other embodiments, the ratio of nm is about 100:1. In further embodiments, the ratio of n:m is about 1:1. Other suitable n:m ratios include about 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 2:1, 3:1 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to +/−5% of the specified value.

In certain embodiments, the fluorinated polymer is a halogenated (e.g., fluorinated) polylactic acid having formula (VIII)

wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or methyl, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and m is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, the ratio of n:m is as described above for formula (VII), and R¹ and R³ are as described above for the cyclic diesters.

As indicated above, certain of the polymers of the invention are homopolymers (i.e., include a single type of repeating unit). In certain embodiments, when the polymer includes two or more different types of repeating units, the polymer of the invention is a random copolymer. In other embodiments, when the polymer includes two or more different types of repeating units, the polymer of the invention is a block copolymer.

The polymers of the invention can be prepared from the cyclic diesters of the invention by polymerization methods. Suitable polymerization methods include polymerization methods known in the art for preparing polymers from cyclic diesters, and include ring opening polymerization methods and condensation polymerization methods. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,469,133 and 8,927,682, each expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In a representative polymerization method, a cyclic diester and a suitable catalyst are combined in a solvent to provide a reaction mixture, the reaction mixture is heated to polymerize the cyclic ester to form the polymer in the reaction mixture (preferably the mixture is heated to a temperature between about 20° C. and 200° C.), and the polymer is isolated from the reaction mixture.

Suitable catalysts include those known in the art. Representative catalysts useful for preparing the fluorinated polymers of the invention from cyclic diesters include tin reagents such as Sn(octanoate)₂, Sn(2-ethylhexanoate)₂, Sn(trifluoromethane sulfonate)₂, dibutylSn(2-ethylhexanoate)₂, Sn(phenyl)₄, Sn(bromide)₄, Sn(bromide)₂, Sn(oxide). Other suitable catalysts include 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). A representative procedure for the polymerization of a cyclic diester to provide a polymer of the invention is described in Example 2.

Polymer-Coated Substrates

In a further aspect, the invention provides substrates and surfaces coated with a polymer of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a surface of a substrate, wherein at least a portion of the surface is coated with a polymer of the invention (i.e., polymer of formulae (III)-(VIII). In certain embodiments, the substrate is useful as a drug delivery device, a device having a degradation-inhibiting coating, a device having hydrophobic surfaces with high contact angle, and a device that contacts blood. In certain embodiments, the substrate is a medical device, such as a cardiovascular stent.

Ammonia Plasma Process

In another aspect of the invention, a method for making a halogenated polymer is provided. In the method, halocarbon groups are introduced into the polymer.

In one embodiment, the method includes:

subjecting a polymer with an ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino groups; reacting the polymer functionalized with amino groups with a suitably reactive reagent comprising a halocarbon, wherein at least a portion of the amino groups react with the reagent to provide a polymer having at least of portion of the amino groups converted to amine groups covalently coupled to the halocarbon.

In another embodiment, the method includes:

subjecting a polymer with an ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino (—NH₂) groups; reacting the polymer functionalized with amino groups with a suitably reactive reagent comprising a fluorocarbon (e.g., fluoroalkyl) group, wherein at least a portion of the amino groups react with the reagent to provide a polymer having at least of portion of the amino groups converted to amine groups covalently coupled to the fluorocarbon groups.

An embodiment of the method is illustrated schematically in FIG. 13. Methods for imparting amino groups to a polylactic acid film by ammonia plasma treatment are described in J. Biomedical Materials Research B: Applied Biomaterials, February 2014, Vol. 102B, Issue 2, pages 345-355, expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Suitable polymers useful in the method include polymers that can be modified by ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino groups. Polymers that are advantageously treated by the method of the invention include biocompatible, biodegradable polymers. Representative polymers include polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acids.

Suitably reactive reagents comprising a halocarbon group have a reactive group capable of forming a covalent bond with the amino group imparted to the polymer by ammonia plasma. Representative reactive groups are selected from a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid ester (NHS and fluorophenyl esters), isocyanate, isothiocyanate, acyl azide, aldehyde, epoxide, oxirane, carbonate, sulfonyl chloride, aryl halide, imidoester, glyoxal, carbodiimide, and anhydride. These reactive groups are covalently coupled to the amine groups by either alkylation or acylation.

Suitably reactive reagents comprising a fluorocarbon (e.g., fluoroalkyl) group have a reactive group capable of forming a covalent bond with the amino group imparted to the polymer by ammonia plasma. Representative reactive groups are selected from a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid ester (NHS and fluorophenyl esters), isocyanate, isothiocyanate, acyl azide, aldehyde, epoxide, oxirane, carbonate, sulfonyl chloride, aryl halide, imidoester, glyoxal, carbodiimide, and anhydride. These reactive groups are covalently coupled to the amine groups by either alkylation or acylation.

In certain embodiments, the fluorocarbon is a fluoroalkyl group. In certain embodiments, the fluoroalkyl group is a C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group. In certain embodiments, the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group is a C1-C12 fluoroalkyl group. In other embodiments, the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group is a C1-C6 fluoroalkyl group. Representative fluoroalkyl groups include those described above for the cyclic diesters.

In certain embodiments of the method, the polymer subjected to ammonia plasma is a coating on at least a portion of a surface of a substrate. Suitable substrates include drug delivery devices, devices having a degradation-inhibiting coating, devices having a hydrophobic surface with high contact angle, and a device that contacts blood. In certain embodiments, the substrate is a medical device. In certain embodiments, the substrate is a cardiovascular stent.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a polymer prepared by the above ammonia plasma method. In one embodiment, the invention provides a surface of a substrate having at least a portion of the surface is coated with a polymer prepared by the above ammonia plasma method.

The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating, not limiting the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation and Characterization of a Representative Cyclic Diester

In this example, preparations and characterization of representative cyclic diesters of the invention is described. The preparation is schematically illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 7.

Materials and Methods

¹H, ¹³C NMR, and ¹⁹F NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV 300, 500, and DRX 499 spectrometer, respectively. Chemical shifts are reported in delta (δ) units, expressed in parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane using the residual protio-solvent as an internal standard (CDCl₃, ¹H: 7.26 ppm and ¹³C: 77.16 ppm, CD₃CN, ¹H: 1.94 ppm and ¹³C: 118.36 ppm). For ¹⁹F NMR spectra, hexafluorobenzene (−164.9 ppm) was used as an internal standard in deuterated acetonitrile for monomer and deuterated chloroform for polymer.

Monomer Synthesis

FIG. 7 shows the synthetic rout for preparing trifluoromethyl-substituted lactic acid (2) monomer. Under nitrogen gas flow, trifluorolactic acid (6.2 g, 43 mmol) was added to a dry round bottom flask containing 70 ml dry acetonitrile and triethylamine (5.6 g, 7.8 mL, 56 mmol). The mixture was stirred and cooled in an ice bath. Then a solution of 2-bromopropionyl bromide (11.6 g, 5.7 mL, 54 mmol) in 10 mL of dry acetonitrile was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. After the addition was complete, the ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The resulting white precipitate was filtered off through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting product was then dissolved in ethyl acetate and filtered again to remove any remaining salts. The removal of the ethyl acetate by rotary evaporation gave product (1) as a brown oil, which was used without further purification for the next step.

For the synthesis of (2), sodium hydride (60%, 2.6 g, 64.5 mmol) was stirred in dry acetonitrile (800 mL) in an ice bath under nitrogen gas flow. Next, solution of product (1) in dry acetonitrile (100 mL) was added dropwise to the sodium hydride mixture for 30 mins. The ice bath was then removed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Afterward, the resulting mixture was heated to 70° C., and stirred overnight under nitrogen gas atmosphere. Once the reaction was completed as shown by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and white precipitate was filtered off through Celite and filtrate was concentrated. The product was then dissolved in dry ethyl acetate and filtered off through Celite to remove any residual salts. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel column chromatography using dry premium grade silica gel and a mixture of 30% dry ethyl acetate/hexanes as an eluent under nitrogen gas flow. The resulting product was further purified by recrystallization in dry DCM/hexanes to give a white solid as a mixture of R,S (88%, ⅞) and R,R/S,S (12%, ⅛) diastereomers which was analyzed by NMR (2.27 g, 27% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 5.71 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 1H×⅛), 5.69 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 1H×⅞), 5.31 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H×⅛), 5.26 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 1H×⅞), 1.65 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H×⅛), 1.58 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H×⅞). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 165.8, 161.0, 121.4 (q, 1JCF=278 Hz, CF₃), 73.7, 73.0 (q, 2JCF=33 Hz, CF₃C—), 15.6. ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CD₃CN, C₆F₆) δ −75.3.

Results

The molecular structure of trifluoromethyl-substituted lactic acid (2) monomer was confirmed by ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. In ¹H NMR (FIG. 9), the doublet from the methyl protons of R,S isomers is shown with coupling constant of J_(HH)=6.7 Hz, and that from R,R or S,S isomers is shown with J_(HH)=7.0 Hz. The methine protons next to the trifluoromethyl groups of the R,S isomers are deshielded due to the electron withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups, downfielded, and shown at 5.7 ppm, compared to the methine protons next to the methyl groups at 5.25 ppm. In addition, coupling constant (J_(HF)=6.3 Hz) of the quartet from the methine protons next to the trifluoromethyl groups is distinct from that (J_(HH)=6.7 Hz) next to the methyl groups. The equal integration from these methine groups confirms the presence of the monomer (2). The structure of the monomer (2) is further verified by ¹³C NMR and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy (FIGS. 10 and 11). ¹³C NMR spectra (FIG. 10) shows the quartet (at 121.4 ppm, ²J_(JF)=278 Hz) from carbons of the trifluoromethyl groups due to carbon-fluorine couplings. In addition, it shows another quartet (at 73 ppm with ¹J_(F)=33 Hz) from carbons next to the trifluoromethyl groups, which is distinct from the singlet (at 73.7 ppm) from carbons next to the methyl groups.

Example 2 Representative Method for Polymerizing a Cyclic Diester

The solution polymerization was conducted in toluene at 110° C. using benzyl alcohol as an initiator and tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)₂) as a catalyst. The initiator and catalyst were purified by distillation prior to polymerization, and their stock solutions in dry benzene (0.1 M) were prepared. In a dry box, monomer (2, 198 mg, 1 mmol) were placed into a vial with dry toluene (4 mL, 0.25 M). Then stock solutions of Sn(Oct)₂ (4, 100 μL, 0.01 mmol) and benzyl alcohol (3, 100 μL, 0.01 mmol) were added to the monomer solution. The vial was sealed with a Teflon cap and heated to 110° C. After 24 h, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and the product was dried under vacuum to remove solvent, catalyst and unreacted initiators. The crude polymer was dissolved in chloroform and filtered to selectively remove unreacted monomers. The chloroform was removed and the resulting solid product was stirred in methanol and dried under high vacuum to further remove any unreacted monomers. The resulting polymer was then dissolved in chloroform and precipitated in hexanes. The final product was obtained after removing hexanes and drying as a white powder (135 mg, 68% yield).

Results

Polymerization was conducted by ring opening polymerization of the fluorine-substituted, cyclic diester monomers in solution using toluene as a solvent, benzyl alcohol as an initiator, and tin (11) 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst. The catalyst to initiator ratio was 1:1 for all polymerizations, and the monomer to initiator ratio was 100:1. The monomer was not very soluble in toluene at room temperature, but became soluble at 110° C. and reaction mixture remained homogeneous at 110° C. during polymerization. FIG. 11 shows the ¹H NMR spectrum of the resulted trifluomethyl-substituted polylactide. The methine protons next to the trifluoromethyl groups are clearly shown from 5.47 to 5.7 ppm, and methine protons next to the methyl groups are from 5.2 to 5.45 ppm. The ratio of integration of the peaks from protons next to the trifluoromethyl groups to those next to the methyl groups is 0.9, indicating approximately equal portions of trifluoromethyl and methyl groups in the backbones of polymer. This NMR analysis suggests the structure of alternating trifluoromethyl and methyl groups. In addition, ¹⁹F NMR spectrum (FIG. 12) of the trifluomethyl-substituted polylactide shows broad peaks compared to the ¹⁹F NMR spectrum of monomer (FIG. 10), indicating the distribution of polymer chains with different molecular weights. 

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
 1. A halogenated polymer, comprising a repeating unit having the formula

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro, chloro, or halocarbon.
 2. A fluorinated polymer, comprising a repeating unit having the formula

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro or fluorocarbon.
 3. A halogenated polylactic acid, comprising a repeating unit having the formula

wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R³ is halocarbon.
 4. A fluorinated polylactic acid, comprising a repeating unit having the formula

wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹ or R³ is fluorocarbon.
 5. The polymer of any one of claims 1-4 further comprising one or more repeating units derived from comonomers suitable for polymerization with a halogenated cyclic diester.
 6. The polymer of claims 1 or 2 having the formula

wherein *represents the terminal groups of the polymer, and n is an integer from about 10 to about
 1000. 7. The polylactic acid of claims 3 or 4 having the formula

wherein *represents the terminal groups of the polymer, and n is an integer from about 10 to about
 1000. 8. The polymer of claims 1 or 2 having the formula

wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or methyl, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and m is an integer from about 10 to about
 1000. 9. The polylactic acid of claims 3 or 4 having the formula

wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or methyl, n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000, and m is an integer from about 10 to about
 1000. 10. The polymer of any one of claims 1-5, 8, and 9, wherein the polymer is a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
 11. A surface of a substrate, wherein at least a portion of the surface is coated with a polymer of any one of claims 1-10.
 12. The surface of claim 11, wherein the substrate is a drug delivery device, a device having a degradation-inhibiting coating, a device having a hydrophobic surface with high contact angle, or a device that contacts blood.
 13. The surface of claim 11, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
 14. The surface of claim 11, wherein the substrate is a cardiovascular stent.
 15. A method for making a halogenated polymer, comprising: subjecting a polymer with an ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino groups; reacting the polymer functionalized with amino groups with a suitably reactive reagent comprising a halocarbon, wherein at least a portion of the amino groups react with the reagent to provide a polymer having at least of portion of the amino groups converted to amine groups covalently coupled to the halocarbon.
 16. A method for making a fluorinated polymer, comprising: subjecting a polymer with an ammonia plasma to provide a polymer functionalized with amino groups; reacting the polymer functionalized with amino groups with a suitably reactive reagent comprising a fluorocarbon (e.g., fluoroalkyl) group, wherein at least a portion of the amino groups react with the reagent to provide a polymer having at least of portion of the amino groups converted to amine groups covalently coupled to fluorocarbon (e.g., fluoroalkyl) groups.
 17. The method of claims 15 or 16 wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polylactic acid, a polyglycolic acid, and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein suitably reactive reagent comprising a halocarbon has a reactive group selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid ester, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, acyl azide, aldehyde, epoxide, oxirane, carbonate, sulfonyl chloride, aryl halide, imidoester, glyoxal, carbodiimide, and anhydride.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein suitably reactive reagent comprising a fluorocarbon group has a reactive group selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid ester, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, acyl azide, aldehyde, epoxide, oxirane, carbonate, sulfonyl chloride, aryl halide, imidoester, glyoxal, carbodiimide, and anhydride.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the fluoroalkyl group is a C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group.
 21. The method of claims 15 or 16, wherein the polymer is a coating on at least a portion of a surface of a substrate.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the substrate is a drug delivery device, a device having a degradation-inhibiting coating, a device having a hydrophobic surface with high contact angle, or a device that contacts blood.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
 24. The surface of claim 21, wherein the substrate is a cardiovascular stent.
 25. A polymer obtainable by the process of any one of claims 15-20.
 26. A surface of a substrate having at least a portion of the surface is coated with a polymer obtainable by the process of any one of claims 15-20.
 27. A cyclic diester having the formula

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, chloro, and halocarbon, with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro, chloro, or halocarbon.
 28. A cyclic diester having the formula

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, fluoro, and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, or R⁴ is selected from fluoro or fluorocarbon.
 29. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group is a C1-C12 fluoroalkyl group.
 30. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl group is a C1-C6 fluoroalkyl group.
 31. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein R¹ and R³ are hydrogen and R² and R⁴ are trifluoromethyl.
 32. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein R¹ and R³ are hydrogen, R² is methyl, and R⁴ is trifluoromethyl.
 33. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein R¹ and R² are hydrogen and R³ and R⁴ are trifluoromethyl.
 34. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein R¹, R², and R³ are hydrogen and R⁴ is trifluoromethyl.
 35. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are trifluoromethyl.
 36. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 alkyl is selected from the group consisting of straight chain, branched, and cyclo alkyl.
 37. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 alkyl is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl.
 38. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 alkyl is methyl.
 39. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl is selected from the group consisting of straight chain, branched, and cyclo fluoroalkyl.
 40. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl is a C1-C24 perfluoroalkyl.
 41. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl has a ratio of F:C from 0.4 to 3.0.
 42. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, n-perfluoropropyl, n-perfluorobutyl, and n-perfluoropentyl.
 43. The cyclic diester of claim 28, wherein the C1-C24 fluoroalkyl is trifluoromethyl.
 44. A cyclic diester having the formula

stereoisomers and racemates thereof, wherein R¹ and R³ are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl and fluorocarbon (e.g., C1-C24 fluoroalkyl), with the proviso that at least on of R¹ or R³ is fluorocarbon.
 45. The cyclic diester of claim 44, wherein R¹ is methyl and R³ is trifluoromethyl.
 46. The cyclic diester of claim 44, wherein R¹ is hydrogen and R³ is trifluoromethyl.
 47. The cyclic diester of claim 44, wherein R¹ and R³ are trifluoromethyl.
 48. A fluorinated polymer prepared from a cyclic diester of any one of claims 28-46.
 49. A halogenated polymer prepared from a cyclic diester of claim
 27. 